The Origins and Development of Electronic Dance Music and...

The Origins and Developments of Electronic Dance Music (EDM) and Contemporary Nightlife Musical Culture The origins and developments of Electronic Dance Music initially started with the development of the synthesizer. It was with these first uses of synthesized sounds that prompted the development of sequencers, sampling, effects processing, musical instrument digital interface (MIDI), use of computer technology, hard disk recording systems and modern day virtual studio technology (VST’s). These all fundamentally build the genre of electronic music, as we know it today. The development of this new technology brought many new genres to music, mostly popular, Electronic Dance Music being one of these. The Moog Synthesizer was the most†¦show more content†¦At the time, British inventor, Peter Zinovieff and American Composer, Raymond Scott were both looking into basic electronic sequencing, however it was Buchla that had the initial breakthrough. Before then, artists were manually cutting up and splicing tape together to achieve sequences and Buchla found an electronic alternative and soon developed his electronic sequencer. This meant that artists would no longer need to go through the time consuming process of cutting up tape for sequencing. Buchla said,â€Å" you could simply take my sequencer and set the time and the pitch for each interval. So that required, of course, a voltage-controlled oscillator, and from then it led to a bunch of other ideas† (Pinch, 2004, p.40). It was after the moog synthesizer that companies and inventors, much like Buchla, had started to look at other ways of evolving electronics into music. The Minimoog was a monophonic instrument, and instruments like the APR odyssey were soon after introduced that allowed duophony possible on synthesizers. The APR odyssey mk I was released in 1972, and was an aesthetically pleasing duophonic synthesizer, making it easy for a performer to tweak the parameters of the synthesized sound with sliders. By the mid 1970’s, well-known companies like Sequential Circuits and Yamaha had developed more advanced keyboard matrices, allowing polyphony to be introduced to the electronic music scene. OneShow MoreRelatedUAE Consumer Lifestyle Analysis42818 Words   |  172 PagesSchool Life 35 University Life 36 Adult Learning 37 Table 40 School Students: 2005-2009 37 Table 41 Higher Education Students: 2005-2009 38 Eating (including Soft Drinks) 38 Shopping for Food and Drinks 38 Dining in 40 Dining Out 40 Cafà © Culture 40 Table 42 Consumer Expenditure on Food (Current Value): 2005-2009 41 Table 43 Consumer Expenditure on Food (Constant 2009 Value): 2005-2009 41 Table 44 Consumer Expenditure on Food (Constant 2009 Value): 2010-2020 41 Table 45 Consumer Expenditure

The Language Of Endangered Languages - 1175 Words

mpact of Endangered Languages Samu Thomas sthoma62@uic.edu ANTH 100 David Reid Mon 11-11:50 Introduction There are nearly around 6000 languages spoken in the word. When a language is endangered, there is a huge impact on the culture and community associated with it. Linguistic Anthropologists, researchers have over the years have been trying to study and learn about these endangered languages, and how it benefits them in different ways. On the other hand, the endangered language speakers have a different cultural and tradition view on it, causing tension and between them. While there may different hurdles in between, with cooperation and unity from the linguists and endangered language speakers, a common ground can be found to play a huge role in the preservation of the endangered languages. History Language is one of the important elements that help us identify each other. It is the human ability to use complex communication with each other. The origin of language existed from the early prehistory days of early man. When a language is lost, it loses it loses value among its native origination over the years. Language lies mainly at its peak at childhood, when the parents/elders them to speak it. When slowly the generations pass by, the number of parents to teach their kids to speak, decreases; thus putting the language at risk. There are so many languages endangered in our world. Linguists think that 60 percent of the 6000 languages are at risk of getting wiped off in theShow MoreRelatedEssay Endangered Languages898 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Endangered languages should be saved† Many languages are at the danger of disappearance. The reason of their extinction could be the decrease in a number of people speaking that language. A 85% of 6000 languages appear to be spoken in 25 countries (NOW 2000). Language extinction is caused by external and internal factors. Internal forces such as community’s negative behaviour to mother language, or simply decrease in the number of speakers are mainly derived from factors such as military, economicRead MoreThe Revitalization Of Endangered Languages1557 Words   |  7 Pagesthat linguists have estimated that around 50% of the world’s estimated 6,000 endangered languages will become extinct within the next century (Hale et al. 6)? Languages are classified as endangered when a population of fluent speakers begin to decrease with no expected growth. Linguists go on expeditions in an attempt to revitalize these endangered languages. It is important for the revitalization of endangered languages because they cre ate diversity, express identity, hold history, create human knowledgeRead MoreThe Endangered Language Of Cursive Essay2012 Words   |  9 PagesThe Endangered Language of Cursive Cursive is a written language that seems to slowly be fading from society. Cursive is still very important in today’s society, and therefore should still be taught to children in elementary school. Even though it may seem that cursive is not important in our technological world today, you may be surprised. Cursive is crucial in learning one’s signature. Children should be able to read cursive because generations before them still use it daily and many historicalRead MoreEndangered Languages And Cultures : Why We Should Do Nothing2066 Words   |  9 Pages Endangered Languages and Cultures Why We Should Do Nothing Word Count: 1861 Endangered Languages and Cultures Why We Should Do Nothing Over winter break I watched Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner. It has since become my favorite film. Scott’s attention to detail is evident in every frame of the movie. Language, or rather communication, is a recurring theme throughout the film. More precisely, Cityspeak—a language made up of German, Japanese, and Spanish—is one of the not so noticeableRead MoreThe Decline Of Human Cultural Diversity1283 Words   |  6 PagesLanguages are being rapidly lost, at a rate of extinction. Serious concerns over the impending loss of human cultural diversity have caused many organizations to actively start engaging in the upkeep of languages. Early studies have identified areas with a high number of endangered languages, and preformed investigations. What they came across was the population size of the culture, and how vast of an area the language is spoken in, are key factors to the decline of languages. Other factors include;Read MoreFilm Evaluation-the Linguists1160 Words   |  5 Pages1. Why do linguists study languages, and what is lost when a language dies? Figure out possible ways the human mind can make sense of the world around it. Some unique way of seeing the world could be lost. 2. What areas do Gregory and David choose when they are looking for languages to research? Areas most in need and areas with history of colonization. India, Bolivia, and Siberia are some examples. 3. Who typically stops speaking the indigenous language, and why do you think thatRead MoreThe Language Is Forever Forgotten1165 Words   |  5 Pageswho grows up in a culture and with a language that is only common to his tribe. For him this sole language is sufficient because the tribe is his family and as long as he can communicate with them nothing else matters. Suddenly his tribe starts to speak more English and is becoming westernized. Others, including his own family, start ignoring their culture and raising their children differently. Flash forward years on he is the only one that can speak his language and he feels alone. He just wishesRead MoreThe Language Of The Aztec People Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pageshappened to their language years after they fell? One would assume that these civilizations languages have become dead languages, languages no longer in use. However, this paper will explore whether or not the Nà ¡huatl language, the language of the Aztec people, is considered dead language. Into my research there are a small collective of people who still speak the language. There is a possibility of spreading the language through the education system to try to keep this language from disappearingRead MoreNative Languages Are Becoming Extinct1710 Words   |  7 Pagesmove deeper through the 21st century native languages are becoming more extinct. An endangered language is one that is likely to become extinct in the near future. Many languages are going out of practice and being replaced by the others that are more used and dominant in their particular region or nation, such as English in the U.S. or Spanish in Mexico. Unless the current language trends that we are using now are reversed, the now endangered languages will most likely to become extinct within theRead MoreLanguage Borrowing And Its Effects On The Pacific Basin855 Words   |  4 PagesIn AL 1050 Languages in the Pacific I have learned many different concepts that has to do with the Pacific Rim. It all has to do with languages and how each island or country speaks their own tongue, but all are similar in some way. In class I have examined historical and contemporary language use throughout the Pacific Basin, as well as in Hawai`i. Through exploring topics such as the effects of language contact, pidgins and creoles, and stories of language loss and preservation, and different

Code of Ethics Comparison free essay sample

Code of Ethics Comparison Abstract This paper is a comparison between the codes of ethics of the American Counseling Association (ACA) and the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC). This paper aims to present the similarities and differences between the two codes of ethics. There are two main sections on this paper. The first section presents the general similarities and differences of the two codes of ethics. The second section presents the similarities and differences of the two codes of ethics on three specific areas: Confidentiality, Sexual Intimacies and Informed Consent. The author used the codes of ethics of both organizations in the process of comparing and contrasting. The general comparison reveals that the codes of ethics of the two organizations apply to the same profession but they differ in the foundation upon which their codes of ethics were crafted. The comparison on three specific areas reveals similarities in contents but differ in depth and details. We will write a custom essay sample on Code of Ethics Comparison or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Introduction The code of ethics is the heart and soul of any business or professional organization. This code of ethics sets the standard to which all business or professional activities of all of its members are measured. This code is the ultimate guide on how members of the organization should act in connection with the performance of their duties and obligations. Likewise, it is the basis upon which disputes can be settled or decisions are to be made. This is the protection of each member of the organization against unlawful accusations or it can also serve as a basis for disciplinary actions for erring members. This is the code that each member will have to understand and adhere to in order to function effectively within that particular organization. A code of ethics should be clear and leaves no doubt for any other interpretation as to its meaning and intent. It should also be wide in scope as to cover every necessary area or aspect of the organization under which it serves. Furthermore, this code of ethics should be updated so as to address new situations that may arise in these fast changing times. Thus, the code of ethics of a business or professional organization reveals the true nature of the organization. The American Counseling Association and the American Association of Christian Counselors are two professional organizations that have codes of ethics. Perhaps a family member or a friend may have availed the services offered by any of these two organizations. The professional who rendered this service is governed by the code of ethics of the organization. Thus, it will be of no harm if a closer scrutiny of the codes of ethics of these two professional organizations be undertaken. This paper compares and contrasts the codes of ethics of these two organizations in several levels or areas of the two organizations. Section I- General comparison of the two codes In general, the codes of ethics of both the American Counseling Association and the American Association of Christian Counselors have several similarities. One of these similarities is the purpose of these codes of ethics. According to the American Counseling Association, the code of ethics is designed to serve as a guide in the counseling services of its members (American Counseling Association, 2005, p 3). Similarly, the American Association of Christian Counselors states that the code is designed to assist its members and to improve Christian counseling around the world (AACC Law and Ethics Committee, 2004, p 3). Both codes of ethics then apply to counselors and the counseling profession. Another similarity between these two codes of ethics is the prominent role these codes of ethics play in the organization. The code of ethics of the American Counseling Association will be used to clarify the ethical responsibilities held in common by its members and will also serve as a basis for complaints filed against its members (American Counseling Association, 2005, p 3). As for the AACC, the code of ethics will become a mandatory ethic for all its members (AACC Law and Ethics Committee, 2004, p 3). These statements imply that both codes of ethics are held with high respect and honor in their respective organizations. However, a great difference is noticed between these two codes of ethics. This difference lies in the foundation upon which these codes are based. The American Association of Christian Counselors explicitly states that its code of ethics is based on the Bible (AACC Law and Ethics Committee, 2004, p 5). On the other hand, the American Counseling Association does not make any claim to this effect. In fact, the ACA does not provide any information about the basis of its code of ethics.

Progressivism Essays - Theodore Roosevelt, , Term Papers

Progressivism Movements I. The Origins of Progressivism A. A Spirit of Reform in the late 1800's 1. Henry George believed that poverty could be eliminated by using land productively by everyone. Also taxing the nonproductive more than the productive. 2. Edward Bellamy believed that the government should create a trust to take care of the needs of the people rather than profit. 3. Many groups wanted change for the majority of people such as the socialist, the union members and members of municipal or city government levels. 4. Municipal reforms in the late 1800's and early 1900's that gave cities limited self-rule rather than state rule are known as Home Rule. B. Progressivism Takes Hold 1. Progressivism aspects of reform from many programs and other movements. 2. Because they were afraid of losing their high standard of living, progressives' were afraid of revolution. 3. Progressives believed that the government should play a bigger role in regulating transportation and utilities. 4. Develop better social welfare programs. 5. The suffrage movement became a big issue among women. 6. Child labor laws as well as many other things were brought about by government regulations. C. Progressive Methods 1. Journalist also helped create support by alerting the public to wrong doing or muckrakers. 2. Investigating the issue then publicizing the results putting pressure on legislators to take action is known as Systematic manner. D. Florence Kelley 1. Kelley was recommended for investigating the labor conditions around Chicago. 2. Kelley earned a law degree so that she could prosecute violators of child labor laws as well as regulations in sweatshops. 3. Kelley believed in municipal reforms after a political favor placed another inspector in her place. 4. 1899 National Consumers League was organized (NCL) II. Progressivism: Its Legislative Impacts A. Urban Reform 1. Reform began mostly at the city level 2. Some machine politicians worked with reformers to improve voter registration, city services, established health programs and enforced tenant codes. 3. By 1915 two out of three cities owned utilities. 4. Welfare services were put into effect. 5. Hazen Pingree put in parks, baths, and put into effect a work-relief program. B. Reforms at the State Level 1. Progressive governors also got involved with the movement. 2. LaFollette brought about a direct primary in which voters elect nominees for upcoming elections. 3. Employers and employees negotiating differences as well as workers accident insurance became major reforms in the work place. 4. The Supreme Court said that it was illegal to set maximum hours for workers because it violated the individuals right to make a contract with the employer - 1905 Lochner vs. New York. 5. The Supreme Court upheld a decision that limited women's work hours to 10 hours per day - 1905 Muller vs. Oregon. 6. The National Child Labor Committee convinced about 30 states to abolish Child Labor by 1907 . 7. In 1912 minimum wage for women and children was put into effect in Massachusetts. 8. Women were replaced with men because they would work longer for less wages 9. Women's push for voting rights was stifled by the belief that females are physically weaker. D. Reforms at the Federal Level 1. The United Mine Workers called a strike lasting until Teddy Roosevelt insisted that both sides submit to arbitration - May, 1902. 2. A process in which an impartial third party decides on a legally binding solution is known as arbitration. 3. Teddy Roosevelt threatened to use the army to take over the mines if the owners didn't accept the agreement. 4. "Square Deal" reduced miner's hours from 10 to 9 and gave the miners a 10% raise while not officially recognizing the minor's union. 5. The Hepburn Act authorized the IEC to limit rates if the shippers complained them unfair - 1906. 6. The Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act required accurate labeling of ingredients, strict sanitary conditions, and a rating system for meats - 1906. 7. Holding companies are corporations that hold the stocks and bonds of numerous companies thus achieving a monopoly. 8. John Muir and John Wesley Powell urged congress, in 1872, to establish Yellow Stone as the United States first national park. 9. Yosemite in California became a national park in 1890. 10. A National Reclamation Act (1902) aimed at planning and developing irrigation projects aroused controversy between city residents and farmers over use or water. 11. 1912 the United States government set up a Children's Bureau within the Department of Labor. 12. Women's Bureau was also established in 1920. 13. Mary Anderson and Julia

Bajaj Competitive Analysis free essay sample

Competitor analysis is an essential component of corporate strategy. It is argued that most firms do not conduct this type of analysis systematically enough. Instead, many enterprises operate on what is called â€Å"informal impressions, conjectures, and intuition gained through the titbits of information about competitors every manager continually receives. † As a result, traditional environmental scanning places many firms at risk of dangerous competitive blind spots due to a lack of robust competitor analysis SCENARIO OF INDIAN TWO WHEELER MARKET The Indian two-wheeler (2W) industry recorded sales volumes of 13. 4 million units in 2011-12, a growth of 14. 0% over the previous year. In a year wherein growth in other automobile segments particularly, passenger vehicle (PV) and medium amp; heavy commercial vehicle (Mamp;HCV), slowed down to single digits marred by demand slowdown due to northward movement of inflation, fuel prices and interest rates the 14% growth recorded by the 2W industry remained steady. We will write a custom essay sample on Bajaj Competitive Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, the momentum in the 2W industry’s volume growth too has been losing steam lately as evident from the relatively lower volume growth of 11. 0% recorded in H2, 2011-12 (YoY) against a growth of 17. 1% recorded in H1, 2011-12 (YoY). The deceleration in growth is largely attributable to the motorcycles segment which grew at a much lower rate of 7. 8% (YoY) in H2, 2011-12 vis-a-vis 16. 4% in H1, 2011-12; even as the scooters segment continued to post 20%+ (YoY) expansion during oth halves of the last fiscal. With this, the share of the scooters segment in the domestic 2W industry volumes increased to 19. 1% in 2011-12 from 17. 6% in 2010-11. Overall, ICRA expects the domestic 2W industry to report a volume growth of 8-9% in 2012-13 as base effect catches up with the industry that has demonstrated a strong volume expansion over the last three years at cumulative annual growth rate (CAGR) of 21. 8%. Over the medium term, the 2W industry is expected to report a volume CAGR of 9-11% to reach a size of 24-26 million units (domestic + exports) by 2016-17, as we believe the various structural positives associated with the domestic 2W industry including favourable demographic profile, moderate 2W penetration levels (in relation to several other emerging markets), under developed public transport system, growing urbanization, strong replacement demand and moderate share of financed purchases remain intact BAJAJ AUTO LIMITED Bajaj Auto Limited is an Indian motorized vehicle-producing company. Bajaj Auto is a part of  Bajaj Group. Its founded by  Jamnalal Bajaj at  Rajasthan  in the 1930s. It is based in  Pune,  Maharashtra, with plants in  Chakan  (Pune), Waluj (near  Aurangabad) and  Pantnagar  in  Uttaranchal. The oldest plant at Akurdi (Pune) now houses the Ramp;D centre Ahead. Bajaj Auto makes and exports  automobiles, scooters,  motorcycles  and the  auto rickshaw. Bajaj Auto is the worlds third-largest manufacturer of motorcycles and second-largest in India. The  Forbes Global 2000  list for the year 2005 ranked Bajaj Auto at 1,946. It features at 1639 in Forbes 2011 list. Over the last decade, the company has successfully changed its image from a scooter manufacturer to a two-wheeler manufacturer. Its product range encompasses, scooters and motorcycles. Its real growth in numbers has come in the last four years after successful introduction of a few models in the motorcycle segment. The company is headed by  Rahul Bajaj  who is worth more than US$1. 5 billion. Bajaj Auto came into existence on 29 November 1945 as M/s Bachraj Trading Corporation Private Limited. It started off by selling imported two- and three-wheelers in India. In 1959, it obtained license from the  Government of India  to manufacture two- and three-wheelers and it went public in 1960. In 1970, it rolled out its 100,000th vehicle. In 1977, it managed to produce and sell 100,000 vehicles in a single financial year. In 1985, it started producing at Waluj near  Aurangabad. In 1986, it managed to produce and sell 500,000 vehicles in a single financial year. In 1995, it rolled out its ten millionth vehicle and produced and sold one million vehicles in a year. MARKETING STRATEGIES The focus of Bajaj Auto Limited off late has been on providing the best of the class models at competitive prices. Most of the bajaj come loaded with the latest features within the price band acceptable by the market. Bajaj auto limited has been the pioneer in stretching competition into providing latest features in the price segment by updating the low price bikes with the latest features like disk brakes, anti skid technology and dual suspension ,etc. Bajaj Auto Limited adopted different marketing strategies for different models, few of them are discussed below: CALIBER: The focus for caliber 115 was youth. And though bajaj made the bike look bigger and feel more powerful than its predecessor( characteristics that will attract the average,25 plus ,executive segment bike buyer). So the teaser campaing and the emphasis on Caliber 115 being a â€Å"hoodibaba â€Å" bike placed it as trendy motorcycle for the college goers and the 25 plus executives both at the same time . PULSAR: Pulsar was launched in direct competition to Hero Honda’s CBZ model in 150cc segment. The campaign beard innovative punch line of â€Å"Definitely Male† positioning Pulsar to be a masculine looking model with an appeal to the performance sensitive customers. It comes in five varieties Bajaj Pulsar 125 cc , Bajaj Pulsar 150 cc, Bajaj Pulsar 180 cc, Bajaj Pulsar 200 cc, Bajaj Pulsar 220 cc. And price ranging between Rs. 55,000 to Rs. 95,000. DISCOVER: The bajaj discover have two variants 110 cc and 135cc engine . Bajaj discover targets the middle class two wheeler consumers with bajaj bike prices ranging from Rs. 46,000 to Rs. 55,000. It is easy to control and prove to be a good choice . AVENGER: Bajaj Avenger(DTSi) offers the ultimate cruiser experience. Offering high stability and long cruising delights. Bajaj Avenger(DTSi) possesses wider saddle seat. Special backrest besides 180 cc powerful engine. It is targeted at the upper-middle class bike lovers. It is priced at around Rs. 70,000. PLATINA: It is the leader in mileage amp; Looks in the 100 cc class. The bike has a plush ride without sacrificing handling. It was launched in april 2006 at an ex showroom price of Rs. 36,000 and crossed sales of 500,000 units within 8 months of its launch. And later in 2008 Platina 125 DTS-Si was launched with considerable amount of sales . SWOT ANALYSIS The Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats of the Bajaj Auto ltd are discussed below:- Strengths: 1. Highly experienced management 2. Product design and development capabilities 3. Extensive Ramp;D focus 4. Widespread distribution network 5. High performance products in all categories 6. High economies of scale Weakness: 1. Still has no established brand to match Hero Honda’s splendor in commuter segment 2. Not a global player in spite of huge volumes 3. Not a globally recognizable brand Threats: 1. The competition catches up any new innovation in no time 2. Margins getting squeezed from both the directions (price amp; cost) 3. Threat of cheap and non genuine spare parts in the market Opportunities: 1. Double digit growth in the two wheeler market 2. Untapped market above 180 cc in motorcycles 3. Growing world demand for entry level motorcycles Especially in the emerging markets . Competitors HERO MOTOCORP: Hero MotoCorp was started in 1984 as Hero Honda Motors Ltd. Hero Motocorp Ltd. formerly  Hero Honda  is an Indian  motorcycle  and  scooter  manufacturer based in  New Delhi ,india. Hero Honda started in 1984 as a joint venture between  hero Cycles  of India and  Honda  of Japan. The company is the largest two wheeler manufacturer in India. The 2006 Forbes 200 Most Respected companies list has Hero Honda Motors ranked at 108. The technology in the bikes of hero Honda for almost 26 years (1984 – 2010) has come from the Japanese counterpart Honda . It enjoys the highest market share. SWOT ANALYSIS: Strength:1. Highest market share of about 40% of the total market . 2. Resale value of the products are high 3. Brand image of producing fuel efficient bikes like splendour 4. It has the most number of dealers and showrooms compared To its competitors Weakness: 1. 150 cc bikes are yet to create impact on the market 2. Didn’t patent the DTSi technology launched with Ambition 3. Ramp;D is not close to the Hero Manufacturing plant. Opportunities: 1. Global Expansion into Carribbean and Central America 2. Expansion of target market including wemen. Threats: 1. FDI announced by Indian govt. n automobile industry. 2. Increase in Price of petrol, steel and automobile. TVS: TVS Motor Company is the third largest two wheeler manufacturer in India and is among the world’s top ten . It is the flagship company of the parent TVS group employing over 40,000 people with an estimated 15 million customers across the globe . It is India’s only two wheeler company to have won the deming prize award for commitment to quality control, received in 2002. TVS motors is credited with many innovations in the Indian market, notable among them being the introduction of india’s first two-seater moped. It enjoys a moderate market share in India . SWOT ANALYSIS: Strength: 1. Wide distribution network. 2. Dominates the market in South India 3. It has got excellent monitoring system Weakness: 1. Regional dependency in south india Opportunities:1. Not much presence in the market of other players Threats : 1. Major competitors like Hero motocorp and Bajaj are Better known. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION ASSIGNMENT ON COMPETITOR ANALYSIS OF BAJAJ AUTO

Career Mobility and Career Self

Career Mobility and Career Self Introduction One of the critical requirements of job satisfaction is the capacity of jobs to facilitate upward career mobility. This concern compels organisations through their HR to design and implement career training and development programmes for employees.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Career Mobility and Career Self-Management Skill specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This plan helps in the provision of knowledge and skills that are required to enhance innovation and creativity. Employees prefer working for companies, which foster the development of their individual skill bases. Consequently, the human resource arm of an organisation develops people to ensure that they acquire supervisory and basic skills to perform organisational tasks, develop their careers, and professional technical skills. Training and development consume organisational resources such as time and finance in exchange with employee c areer progression. This observation suggests that career development entails interactions and exchanges that occur between employers and the workforce. While literature on training and development sees employers as having a responsibility for guaranteeing career development to their employees, literature on career self-management sees employees as having an added responsibility of making decisions on their current and future career goals. Consequently, there has been an enlarging literature that calls upon employees to take full responsibility of their career management. These concerns are documented in the studies on career self-management, alternatively called individual career development (ICD). This paper identifies eight peer-reviewed articles that address the subject of career self-management. It then reviews and offers their critical analysis.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Literature Review Over the last two decades, the career growth environment has been undergoing significant changes. For example, changes have been experienced in traditional forms of career development. Such traditional forms are controlled by paradigms of employment order through the creation of employee relations programmes. Such approaches are now replaced by borderless and worker-controlled career development strategies (King 2004). In the wake of any global financial crisis, many organisations undergo restructuring while others engage in business partnerships such as mergers and acquisitions (Quigley Tymon 2006). For example, the 2007-2008 financial crisis led to the downsizing and even crumbling of some firms. This situation increased the levels of job insecurity. Many firms offered very few, if any, opportunities for promotions. Consequently, in such situations, employers demonstrate the fear or the unwillingness to engage in any agreement for mana ging and ensuring employee career opportunities in a formal manner. Thus, employees are only left with the choice of managing their careers individually. However, this claim does not imply that employers cannot help employees with career management. Employers value the need for employee career development. Therefore, organisations pursue policies that ensure the shifting of their accountability in career management and conference of roles to their employees through interventions such as offering training programmes on greater accountability together with a higher responsibility in the management of one’s career. Under the discourses of individual career management, this claim suggests that employers only provide an enabling environment for employees to take full accountability and management of their careers in preparation for taking higher career roles in the future (King 2004).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Career Mobility and Career Sel f-Management Skill specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Career self-management refers to ‘the degree to which one regularly gathers information and plans for career problem-solving and decision-making’ (Quigley Tymon 2006, p.523). Critical questions emerge on whether organisational interventions can increase individual career management skills and/or whether career management skills can be made effective through formal training. Can they also work well with all employees? If not, what class of employees can develop the capacity to self-manage their careers through organisational leveraging? Quoted by King (2004), Crites made one of the earliest attempts to theorise the concept of career self-management. People are motivated in the work environment by internal and/or external stimuli, which prompt them to act in certain ways. For example, they can make requisite adjustments to ensure that they are accepted by their workmates. They g ain prestige with the objective of securing more work freedom. Tensions also make employees react in certain ways to reduce any possible thwarting conditions. Changes in working conditions that force employees to behave differently result in their vocational adjustment. In the process, they experience success and/or satisfaction with their work (King 2004). This observation suggests that if workers fail to respond to changes in the work environment, they may get frustrated, a situation that can lead to vocational maladjustment.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This process occurs in all contexts and with ‘different thwarting conditions and foci for adjustment, over the whole course of the career from occupational entry to retirement’ (King 2004, p.115). Although Crites’ understanding of employee adaptations in response to internal and external stimuli is not in the contemporary terms of career self-management as it is today, his arguments form important paradigms for understanding the problem of career management in the 21st century. Crites recognises how people encounter various challenges such as barriers to career development throughout their working life. According to King (2004), despite referring his discussion to only merchants, military, and blue-collar jobs, his analysis of various thwarting situations measures up to the concerns for self-career management as discussed by Quigley and Tymon (2006) and Chiaburu, Baker, and Pitairu (2006). In fact, the claim that people encounter frustrations and barriers in care er progression receives acceptance in the 21st century career management discourses as the search for illimitable careers continues. Frustrations, conflicts and tensions in work environment compel people to adjust accordingly to minimise anxieties. This situation leads to self-career development as employees seek mechanisms for easing the ways of executing certain tasks that are allocated to them. Looking for effective ways of accomplishing a task entails a quest for higher performance and accuracy. As King (2004) suggests, career self-management is driven by the quest for increased performance. While analysing Crites’ work, as a potential theoretical framework for career self-management, King (2004) identifies a gap in literature on career self-management claiming that past scholars have not sufficiently addressed the question of why people adopt specific behaviours for career self-management. He takes this opportunity to propose a career self-management conceptual model for studying the nature, causes, and the consequences of career self-management. The framework explains the nature of career self-management as a dynamic process that entails the execution of positioning, influence, and boundary administration behaviours (King 2004). Periphery administration involves the assessment of various requirements within and outside the administrative centres. Positioning behaviours ‘ensure that an individual has the contacts, skills, and experience to achieve the desired career outcomes’ (King 2004, p.119). Influential behaviours relate to efforts of influencing decisions that employers make to align with the desires of the individual outcomes. Career self-management involves compromises between employers’ expectations and the expectations of employees’ desired career direction. Why do employees engage in career self-management behaviours? King (2004) responds that they desire to take a full command of their occupations, gain self-ef ficacy, and/or acquire occupational anchors. The outcome of these quests is life satisfaction. Although King’s (2004) work does not conduct any experimental or quantitative research to ascertain and support his model, literature on human resource management contends that employees who can control their career progression ladder in an organisation are better satisfied with their jobs and more prepared to face changes and challenges in terms of future job requirements. Raabe, Frese, and Beehr (2007) agree with King’s (2004) assertion that employees have a noble responsibility of ensuring they take full control of their careers. They assert that the current trend in career management indicates how ‘most of the responsibilities of managing careers are shifting from employers to adaptive and proactive employees’ (Raabe, Frese Beehr 2007, p.297). The nature of jobs changes with time. As discussed by Hall (2004), the emergence of protean careers, cause this shif t of responsibility for career management. This claim suggests that employees need to take proactive decision-making roles in determining the path of their careers both currently and in the future. Therefore, employers need not to determine where certain individuals should be in terms of career hierarchical positions. Rather, personal hard work and commitment to career progression should determine the effects of worker occupational growth. Career self-management requires one to take personal initiatives. Thus, it is important to have a model or strategy that employees can use to guide personal initiatives for individual career management. Raabe, Frese, and Beehr (2007) present such a model, but with consideration of the contribution of organisations in helping employees to self- manage their careers. Different from King’s (2004) theoretical framework for explaining career self-management, Raabe, Frese, and Beehr (2007) incorporate a mechanism for testing their model by conduc ting a quasi-experiment. However, similar to King (2004), they also base their model on a past theoretical framework, namely the action theory. The theory explains the manner in which employees ensure control of their career through engaging in chores that increase their career self-management. One of the theoretical constructs of the achievement hypothesis is the accomplishment adjustment presumption. It holds, ‘people’s transactions with the environment enable an individual to guide his/her goal-directed activities over time and across changing circumstances’ (Raabe, Frese Beehr 2007, p.298). Employees’ control over their careers implies that they execute their activities congruently with the desired goals. In fact, action regulation model identifies increased job attendance and decreased problematic workplace-related behaviours as important in career mobility. Nevertheless, there is inadequate evidence to support the capacity of the model to ensure tha t employees pursue long-term career goals such as career building. However, Raabe, Frese, and Beehr (2007) indicate that the model explains employees’ manner of controlling their careers. They also claim that employees can be influenced to engage in self-management behaviours for their careers (Raabe, Frese Beehr 2007). This claim suggests that organisations can leverage the process of career self-management by adopting appropriate employee career growth motivational programmes. Raabe, Frese, and Beehr (2007) arrived at their conclusion after engaging 205 white collar job workers in career development for a period of 10 months. They accomplished this mission by raising the workers’ individual knowledge concerning their commitment to career goals and/or planning on career quality (Raabe, Frese Beehr 2007). Their findings indicated a direct correlation between these variables and positive behaviours that fostered career self-management. Therefore, organisationally-esta blished individual employee career management programmes are feasible strategies for encouraging career self-management. Although Raabe, Frese, and Beehr (2007) offer an important mechanism for inducing and encouraging individual career management in an organisation, their research suffers some drawbacks. The study deployed quasi-experiments as opposed to the actual testing. This strategy introduces the challenge of making various causal inferences with certainty. Their data was based on self-reports, which may be distorted. Distortion impairs the reliability of research findings. Inferring from the action regulation model that people exhibit career self-management behaviours, which can be encouraged by an organisation, a scholarly interest emerges on whether the personality of individual employees can influence their behaviours. Chiaburu, Baker, and Pitairu (2006) studied the effects of proactive personality on people’s career self-management behaviours. They focused on beha viours such as job mobility and its preparedness together with ‘development feedback-seeking behaviours while providing evidence for one mediator (career resilience) and one moderator (public self-consciousness) on this relationship’ (Chiaburu, Baker Pitairu 2006, p.619). They deployed a regression analysis approach in analysing data that was collected from a sample size of 127 employees from only one organisation. Their findings indicated that the studied personality had a positive correlation with career self-management behaviours. In the relationship between the variables, career resilience provided a mediating effect on individual career management. Chiaburu, Baker, and Pitairu (2006) assert that self-consciousness in the public domain interacts with proactive personality to influence individual career management behaviours. These findings are valid in organisations. They are also applicable to various practitioners who look for various interventions for encouragin g individual career management interventions. In particular, practitioners and companies can design programmes for encouraging individual career management. The programmes should focus on interventions that encourage proactive personality development. However, Chiaburu, Baker, and Pitairu (2006) do not provide efficacy analysis of the research implications. For instance, they do not provide mediating effects that prevent people from developing personalities that impede individual career development. Upon employing their model in organisations that focus career management responsibility on employees, rather than employers, it is evident that certain personality attributes can be developed. This observation raises the question of whether personality is acquired from the environment or it is inborn. Behavioural, trait, socio-cognitive, psychoanalytic, and humanistic theories explain different personalities that individuals possess. For example, behavioural theories suggest that peopleà ¢â‚¬â„¢s personality emanates from the interaction of individuals with the environment. Consistent with Chiaburu, Baker, and Pitairu’s (2006) viewpoints, this claim implies that some personality attributes can be learnt so that career self-management interventions can help to induce personality attributes that encourage individual career management. In advancing their expositions, behaviourists study various measurable and observable behaviours of people to explain the nature of individual personality. Behavioural theorists such as John Watson reject various theories that suggest that personality of individuals is a function of feelings and thoughts that form part of the conscious and unconscious mind. The trait theorists assert that the personality of individuals comprises various broad traits. In the context of the discussion of this theory, traits refer to characteristics, which are stable within an individual. They guide the course of actions of different people. Such tra its can help in fostering or discouraging individual career management behaviours. Similar to Chiaburu, Baker, and Pitairu (2006), Hirschi and Freud (2014) find individual motivation to engage in proactive behaviours that encourage individual career development important in career self-management. In their study, they deploy ‘a micro-level perspective on how within-individual differences in motivational and socio-cognitive factors affect the weekly fluctuations of engagement in proactive career behaviours’ (Hirschi Freud 2014, p.5). The study deploys a sample size of 67 students from a Germany university. For a period of 13 weeks, the researchers scrutinise students’ beliefs on self-efficacy concerning their careers, barriers to career mobility, career support experiences, emotions towards career progression, and career engagement approaches. A regression analysis of the data was done using a linear hierarchical approach. The results of the analysis indicated th at social career support predicted students’ career engagement. Positive emotion towards their occupations also produced a similar effect on career engagement in social support. Along individual variations, their results showed that negative emotions and self-efficacy coupled with career barriers had no effects on career engagement (Hirschi Freud 2014). This observation implies that organisations need to look for career social support interventions and mechanisms for ensuring positive emotions towards the careers as a way of encouraging and supporting employees in taking responsibility of managing their careers. Although the results of Hirschi and Freud (2014) are important for organisations that are looking for strategies for shifting the career management responsibility to employees, their reliability is questionable. A research that has an error margin of 0.05 typically uses a sample size of 385. Hirschi and Freud’s (2014) research deployed a sample size of 67 stud ents. Therefore, the error margin in this research is far high so that reliability of the results to represent the population becomes questionable. Indeed, small sample sizes make generalisability of the results difficult. Consequently, for organisations that seek to use Hirschi and Freud’s (2014) results in their employee career self-management programmes, it is important to seek support for such programmes by considering evidence from other researches that have been conducted using the same approach while deploying larger samples from different contexts. From the aforementioned studies, personal initiatives to take charge of one’s career management are important. In the same line of thought, Ans and Jesse (2013) study the effects of career directedness on individual career management with a focus on retirement intentions. Their research arises from a scholarly gap in terms of linking self-directedness in career management to retirement intentions and decisions of old er employees (Ans Jesse 2013). Therefore, the researchers study the relationship between the two sides through the mediation of individual career management behaviours together with engagements. They use survey as a primary data collection methodology. With a sample size of 271 participants, including old employees (average age of 53) who have worked over 10 years (an average of 16 years), they measure occupational thoughts, professional self-administration manners, commitment, and withdrawal plans as indicators of career self-directedness (Ans Jesse 2013). Their results suggest a direct relationship between the variables of the study where individual career management behaviours and engagement provide a100% mediation effect. Ans and Jesse (2013) carry out a successful research on the effects of career- self-management on retirement intention among employees. They evidence that the need for career development is not merely a concern of the newly employed people, but also those who have been in the employment for a long time. Therefore, it responds to the question of who career self-management programme should be developed for in an organisation. Career self-management behaviours are equally appropriate for old employees just as they are crucial for the newly employed. This conclusion is perhaps well supported by theories of human motivation to work such as the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The theory holds that people hope for continuous individual growth, irrespective of their demographic differences. Quigley and Tymon (2006) hypothesise that intrinsic motivation in career development can foster career self- management. They develop an integrated model to explain this relationship. In the model, they claim that progress, employee competence, choice, and cognition of the meaningfulness of their career help in individual career management. However, their model is devoid of empirical data to support it. Since the theoretical framework only advances †˜six testable research propositions that link components of intrinsic motivation to career self-management and career success’ (Quigley Tymon 2006, p.522), the extent to which intrinsic motivation contributes to individual career management is not clear. Amid the lack of empirical data to support Quigley and Tymon’s (2006) model, approaches for inducing career self-management within an organisation are important, although each approach may have its own limitations. Indeed, shifts in responsibility for career management are not induced by employees. They are induced by organisations due to various operational challenges that prompt organisations to adopt different strategies for ensuring that they remain risk resilient. For example, with the formation of mergers, downsizing is almost inevitable in the effort to reduce organisational expenses. In such situations, organisations cannot take the responsibility of looking for alternative careers or placement of employees i n alternative jobs. Therefore, over the period of employment, organisations cannot ensure that employees do not become redundant in the event of a merger or acquisition by ensuring that they individually have the capacity manage their own careers. King (2004) asserts that when organisational life ends up being turbulent or unpredictable, individual career management becomes the only appropriate mechanism for ensuring navigation through the world of turbulence. De Vos and Soens (2008) and Hall (2004) confirm how the concept of the protean career is important for survival of employees in the turbulence. In the protean workplace, there is high job insecurity so that employees cannot consider themselves having a life-long career (Hall 2004). This claim suggests that when a job comes today, one cannot have an assurance that it will be there the following day. Therefore employees have the responsibility of assessing the employment markets, monitor career trends, and/or expect future chang es in the industry. Thus, they need to look for qualifications and appropriate skills that are necessary for thriving in a changing employment market. This process involves individual career management. Organisations cannot forecast and prepare their employees for future changes in skills and knowledge requirements (Hall 2004). Consistent with Hall’s (2004) assertion, issues such as globalisation and intense employment of technology in driving organisations’ competitive advantage lead to redundancy of some employees when their skills become no more viable in technologically savvy operational environment. Although an organisation may train and develop its employees to ensure they can perform their traditional duties in new technological business environments, such an attempt may not be feasible after its cost and benefits analysis is conducted. Consequently, cheaper alternatives such as new hires while disposing redundant employees may be favourable to an organisation. To avoid this situation, individual career management is inevitable for employees. De Vos and Soens (2008) support the need for employees to embrace protean career attitudes. Their research tests a theoretical model where they stipulate the correlation between ‘protean career attitude, career self-management behaviours, career insight, and career success outcomes (career satisfaction and perceived employability)’ (De Vos Soens 2008, p.449). The research deploys a sample size of 289 workers. Similar to Hall’s (2004) theoretical propositions, De Vos and Soens’ (2008) results suggest that protean career attitudes directly correlate with the anticipation of career success with career development insights that provide a mediating effect. Hence, a positive attitude towards career turbulence within an organisation fosters individual career management. Conclusion In a globalised and technologically driven world, employees need to anticipate unprecedented changes in their career demands. Therefore, they need to adopt requisite strategies for ensuring that they advance their knowledge and skills to meet the new demands. Failure to follow this path, protean career demands might force them out of the employment system since new jobs come with a new set of skills and knowledge requirements. The reviewed literature suggests that employees should not look upon their employers to manage their careers in preparation for their future changes. Rather, they should self-manage themselves. They can achieve this goal by adopting a positive attitude towards protean careers and preparing to face the dynamics of modern workplaces. Most importantly, they must assess the employment market to determine future skills and knowledge requirements. After understanding industry trends, they can then look for corresponding qualifications and skills. This plan calls for self-determination and adoption of personal initiatives to manage one’s career. Consequently, it is sufficiently sound to conclude that all aspects that correlate directly with career self-management behaviours are important in organisations’ programmes for training employees on their individual career management. References Ans, D Jesse, S 2013, ‘Self-Directed Career Attitude and Retirement Intentions’, Career Development International, vol.18 no. 2, pp. 155-172. Chiaburu, D, Baker, V Pitairu, A 2006, ‘Beyond Being Proactive: What (else) Matters for Career Self-Management Behaviours?’, Career Development International, vol. 11 no. 7, pp. 619-632. De Vos, A Soens, N 2008, ‘Protean Attitudes and Career Success: The Mediating Roles of Self-Management’, Journal of Vocational Behaviour, vol. 73 no. 3, pp. 449-456. Hall, D 2004, ‘The protean career: A quarter-century journey’, Journal of Vocational Behaviour, vol. 65 no.1, pp. 1–13. Hirschi, A Freud, P 2014, ‘Career Engagement: Investigating Intra-indivi dual Predictors of Weekly Fluctuations in Proactive Career Behaviours’, The Career Development Quarterly, vol. 62 no. 1, pp. 5-20. King, Z 2004, ‘Career Self-Management: Its Nature, Causes and Consequences’, Journal of Vocational Behaviour, vol. 65 no. 1, pp. 112-133. Quigley, N Tymon, W 2006, ‘Towards an Integrated Model of Intrinsic Motivation and Career Self-Management, Career Development International, vol. 11 no. 6, pp. 522-543. Raabe, B, Frese, M Beehr, T 2007, ‘Action Regulation Theory and Career Self-Management’, Journal of Vocational Behaviour, vol. 70 no. 2, pp. 297-311.

Final project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Final project - Assignment Example I have developed interpersonal skills and got acquainted with the practical working environment. I have learnt to use the data handling tools and techniques. My researching and problem solving abilities are also developed in the course of resolving issues and data gaps that arose. Moreover, I have developed time management skills along with gaining the experience of working in teams. The company used the services of juniors and carried out the work. The objective helped them in understanding the training needs of new recruits and identified the potentially weak areas of new candidates who join them. They are able to test new candidate on the potentially risky areas to find the suitable candidate for future job positions on offer. The data gaps and errors made during the internship helped them in finding the areas that need further attention and changes needed in the software for users’ ease. The activation of SAP PCP functionality was achieved by the step by step collection of data and data entry in the software. I played a major role in data collection and assembled it for the forecasting exercise. The forecasts were produced as an approximation of the collected data adjusted for any changes in employee related costs in the current period. The budgets were prepared with careful attention given to any changes in the employment level, labor rates and amount of extra work provided by the employees. I kept the record of the progress as per the plans and updated the employees higher in the chain of command regarding any gaps. I developed progress management and plan reviewing skills in order to successfully accomplish the goals. Any discrepancy in the plans is properly accounted for by revising the plans. I also understood the techniques to identify and account for the data readiness gap during this phase. I demonstrated strong teamwork activities and management skills while achieving this objective. The